Architects like Alexander, Price, and Negroponte reimagined design as information processing. By using computational models, pattern languages, and cybernetics, they sought to manage complexity and achieve fit between form and context in a self-conscious era.
Sources
• “Activities of the Center for Environmental Structure (1967–1970)” (Source: 1106026_1_Alexander_1967_1970.pdf) • “The Concept of Efficiency: An Historical Analysis” (Jennifer K. Alexander, 2009, Handbook of the Philosophy of Science Vol 9, Elsevier BV) • “A Search for Beauty/A Struggle with Complexity: Christopher Alexander” (Richard P. Gabriel and Jenny Quillien, 2019, Urban Sci. 3, 64, DOI: 10.3390/urbansci3020064) • “The Theory and Invention of Form” (Christopher Alexander, Architectural Record, April 1965) • “Art and science” (Excerpt from Journal of Philosophical Studies, referencing “Art and the Material”, Manchester University Press, 1925) • “Harmony-Seeking Computations: a Science of Non-Classical Dynamics based on the Progressive Evolution of the Larger Whole” (Christopher Alexander, University of California, Berkeley) • “New Concepts in Complexity Theory arising from studies in the field of architecture” (Christopher Alexander, May 2003, Katarxis No. 3) • “Christopher Alexander and a Phenomenology of Wholeness” (David Seamon, Architecture Department, Kansas State University, 2007) • “Christopher Alexander’s A Pattern Language: analysing, mapping and classifying the critical response” (Michael J. Dawes and Michael J. Ostwald, 2017, City Territ Archit 4:17, DOI: 10.1186/s40410-017-0073-1) • “Christopher Alexander 15 Properties” (Alshaikh, 2013, referencing The Nature of Order) • “Analytical approach on design theories of Christopher Alexander” (Dr. N. Mohajeri and Dr. Sh. Qom, Journal of city identity) • “Systems Generating Systems” (Christopher Alexander, 1968, Architectural Design / Computational Design Thinking) • “Systems generating systems — architectural design theory by Christopher Alexander (1968)” (David Ing, coevolving.com, April 2014) • “From Altshuller to Alexander: Towards a Bridge between Architects and Engineers” (Najari et al., 2016, Procedia CIRP 39) • “Misfits, Balance, Requirements, and Systems: Thoughts on Alexander’s Notes on the Synthesis of Form” (Filippo A. Salustri, 2010, DRS Digital Library) • “Notes on the Synthesis of Form” (Christopher Alexander, Harvard University Press, 1964) • “Systems Changes: Learning from the Christopher Alexander Legacy” (David Ing, Systems Thinking Ontario, February 2019) • “The Importance of Mistakes” (Video Arts, 1987, Alexander Street, a ProQuest Company) • “Architectures of Information: Christopher Alexander, Cedric Price, and Nicholas Negroponte & MIT’s Architecture Machine Group” (Molly Wright Steenson, Dissertation, Princeton University, 2014) • “A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction” (Christopher Alexander, Sara Ishikawa, and Murray Silverstein, 1977, Oxford University Press) • “Notes on the Synthesis of Form” (Christopher Alexander, 1964, Harvard University Press, LCCN: 64-13417) • “Design Patterns • I: Introduction: Christopher Alexander’s Vision” (Alexei Khorev, Department of Computer Science, The Australian National University, 2008) • “Problems Before Patterns: A Different Look at Christopher Alexander and Pattern Languages” (Molly Wright Steenson, 2009, interactions, DOI: 10.1145/1487632.1487637)